Hybrid or mono nanofluids for convective heat transfer applications. A critical review of experimental research

Research on nanofluids has increased markedly in the last two decades. Initial attention focused conventional or mono nanofluids, dispersions of one type solid nano-sized particles a base fluid. Despite various challenges such as dispersion stability pumping power, have become improved working fluids for energy applications. Among them, convective heat transfer been main research topic since very beginning. Hybrid more different nanoadditives mixture composite form, received recently. hybrid aims to further enhance individual benefits each single through potential synergistic effects between nanomaterials. Multiple experimental studies conducted independently analysing performance single-phase and two-phase However, there are still no general conclusions about which hybrid, present better prospects. This review summarizes that jointly analyse both these applications results classified according device used. Based this criterion, three large groups devices were noticed (tubular exchangers, plate exchangers minichannel exchangers/heat sinks), while group was identified (heat pipes). The outcomes summarized critically analysed draw from an application point view.